Particle model

Core concepts and learning points for this section:

Syllabus Points

2.1.2.1 Describe the particle structure of solids, liquids and gases in terms of the arrangement, separation and motion of the particles and represent these states using simple particle diagrams
2.1.2.2 Describe the relationship between the motion of particles and temperature, including the idea that there is a lowest possible temperature (−273 °C), known as absolute zero, where the particles have least kinetic energy
2.1.2.3 Describe the pressure and the changes in pressure of a gas in terms of the motion of its particles and their collisions with a surface
2.1.2.4 Know that the random motion of microscopic particles in a suspension is evidence for the kinetic particle model of matter
2.1.2.5 Describe and explain this motion (sometimes known as Brownian motion) in terms of random collisions between the microscopic particles in a suspension and the particles of the gas or liquid

2.1.2.6 Know that the forces and distances between particles (atoms, molecules, ions and electrons) and the motion of the particles affects the properties of solids, liquids and gases
2.1.2.7 Describe the pressure and the changes in pressure of a gas in terms of the forces exerted by particles colliding with surfaces, creating a force per unit area
2.1.2.8 Know that microscopic particles may be moved by collisions with light fast-moving molecules and correctly use the terms atoms or molecules as distinct from microscopic particles